{"id":867,"date":"2026-10-12T17:00:21","date_gmt":"2026-10-12T17:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/avo6.com\/?page_id=867"},"modified":"2026-10-12T17:00:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T17:00:21","slug":"biostatistiques-et-controle-qualite","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/avo6.com\/?page_id=867","title":{"rendered":"Biostatistiques et contr\u00f4le qualit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Outils p\u00e9dagogiques de statistique et de contr\u00f4le de qualit\u00e9 au laboratoire. Ils ne prennent aucune d\u00e9cision de validation : celle-ci rel\u00e8ve du biologiste et du plan de contr\u00f4le du laboratoire.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"a6t-group a6t-has-tabs\" data-a6t-group=\"qualite\"><nav class=\"a6t-tabs\" aria-label=\"Outils de cette page\"><ul><li><a href=\"#statistiques-descriptives\" data-a6t-tab=\"statistiques-descriptives\">Moyenne, \u00e9cart-type, CV<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#biais-recuperation\" data-a6t-tab=\"biais-recuperation\">Biais, r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration, z-score<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#levey-jennings\" data-a6t-tab=\"levey-jennings\">Levey-Jennings et Westgard<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#table-2x2\" data-a6t-tab=\"table-2x2\">Tableau 2 \u00d7 2 (Se, Sp, VPP, VPN)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#bland-altman\" data-a6t-tab=\"bland-altman\">Comparaison de m\u00e9thodes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>\t<section class=\"a6t-tool\" id=\"statistiques-descriptives\" data-a6t-panel aria-labelledby=\"a6t-statistiques-descriptives-title\">\n\t\t<h2 id=\"a6t-statistiques-descriptives-title\" class=\"a6t-title\">Statistiques descriptives : moyenne, \u00e9cart-type, CV, IC 95 %<\/h2>\n\t\t<p class=\"a6t-lead\">Moyenne, m\u00e9diane, \u00e9cart-type, variance, coefficient de variation et intervalle de confiance de la moyenne d\u2019une s\u00e9rie.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<form class=\"calc a6t-form\" data-a6t-tool=\"statistiques-descriptives\" novalidate autocomplete=\"off\" aria-label=\"Calculateur : Moyenne, \u00e9cart-type, CV\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<fieldset class=\"a6t-fieldset\" disabled>\n\t\t\t\t<legend class=\"screen-reader-text\">Donn\u00e9es \u00e0 saisir<\/legend>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-statistiques-descriptives-values\">Valeurs<\/label><textarea id=\"a6t-statistiques-descriptives-values\" name=\"values\" rows=\"4\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocomplete=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-statistiques-descriptives-values-hint a6t-statistiques-descriptives-values-err\"><\/textarea><span class=\"hint\" id=\"a6t-statistiques-descriptives-values-hint\">Une valeur par ligne, ou s\u00e9par\u00e9es par des espaces ou des points-virgules. La virgule sert aux d\u00e9cimales.<\/span><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-statistiques-descriptives-values-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"values\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">Calculer<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"reset\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\">R\u00e9initialiser<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"a6t-linkbtn\" data-a6t-example>Essayer l\u2019exemple<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/fieldset>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"error a6t-formerror\" data-a6t-err-for=\"_\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"calc-result a6t-result\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" tabindex=\"-1\" hidden>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-main\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-lines\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-chart\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-table\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-formula\"><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-notes\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hint\">R\u00e9sultat indicatif, \u00e0 interpr\u00e9ter par un professionnel de sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-result-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\" data-a6t-copy>Copier le r\u00e9sultat<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"a6t-copied\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<noscript><p class=\"notice\">Ce calculateur fonctionne dans votre navigateur et n\u00e9cessite JavaScript. La formule et un exemple sont d\u00e9taill\u00e9s ci-dessous.<\/p><\/noscript>\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"a6t-example-data\">{\"values\":\"4,8 5,1 5,0 4,9 5,2\"}<\/script>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"a6t-doc\">\n\t\t\t<h3>Formule<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-formula-box\"><p>Moyenne x\u0304 = \u03a3x \/ n ; \u00e9cart-type s = \u221a(\u03a3(x \u2212 x\u0304)\u00b2 \/ (n \u2212 1)) ; CV (%) = s \/ x\u0304 \u00d7 100<\/p><p>IC 95 % = x\u0304 \u00b1 t(0,975 ; n \u2212 1) \u00d7 s \/ \u221an.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Unit\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>Unit\u00e9 des valeurs saisies ; CV en %.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Exemple<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>4,8 ; 5,1 ; 5,0 ; 4,9 ; 5,2 : moyenne 5,00 ; \u00e9cart-type 0,158 ; CV 3,16 % ; IC 95 % 4,80 \u00e0 5,20.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Limites<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>L\u2019intervalle de confiance suppose des mesures ind\u00e9pendantes et une distribution proche de la normale.<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>Une \u00e9tude d\u2019impr\u00e9cision utilise g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement au moins 20 mesures.<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"a6t-refs\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/div898\/handbook\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NIST\/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods \u2014 statistiques descriptives et intervalles de confiance.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-verified\">Formule v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e par rapport aux r\u00e9f\u00e9rences ci-dessus le 12 octobre 2026.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\t<section class=\"a6t-tool\" id=\"biais-recuperation\" data-a6t-panel aria-labelledby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-title\">\n\t\t<h2 id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-title\" class=\"a6t-title\">Biais, erreur relative, r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration et z-score<\/h2>\n\t\t<p class=\"a6t-lead\">Biais absolu et relatif par rapport \u00e0 une valeur cible, taux de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration d\u2019une surcharge, z-score d\u2019un r\u00e9sultat.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<form class=\"calc a6t-form\" data-a6t-tool=\"biais-recuperation\" novalidate autocomplete=\"off\" aria-label=\"Calculateur : Biais, r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration, z-score\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<fieldset class=\"a6t-fieldset\" disabled>\n\t\t\t\t<legend class=\"screen-reader-text\">Donn\u00e9es \u00e0 saisir<\/legend>\n\t\t\t\t<fieldset class=\"field a6t-field\"><legend>Calcul<\/legend><div class=\"seg\"><label><input type=\"radio\" name=\"mode\" value=\"biais\" checked='checked' aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-mode-err\"> <span>Biais<\/span><\/label><label><input type=\"radio\" name=\"mode\" value=\"recuperation\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-mode-err\"> <span>R\u00e9cup\u00e9ration<\/span><\/label><label><input type=\"radio\" name=\"mode\" value=\"z\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-mode-err\"> <span>Z-score<\/span><\/label><\/div><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-mode-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"mode\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/fieldset><div class=\"field a6t-field\" data-a6t-when=\"mode=biais\" hidden><label for=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-measured\">Valeur mesur\u00e9e (ou moyenne des mesures)<\/label><input id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-measured\" name=\"measured\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-measured-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-measured-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"measured\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\" data-a6t-when=\"mode=biais\" hidden><label for=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-target\">Valeur cible (de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence)<\/label><input id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-target\" name=\"target\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-target-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-target-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"target\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\" data-a6t-when=\"mode=recuperation\" hidden><label for=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-base\">Concentration de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon seul<\/label><input id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-base\" name=\"base\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-base-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-base-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"base\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\" data-a6t-when=\"mode=recuperation\" hidden><label for=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-spiked\">Concentration apr\u00e8s surcharge<\/label><input id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-spiked\" name=\"spiked\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-spiked-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-spiked-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"spiked\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\" data-a6t-when=\"mode=recuperation\" hidden><label for=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-added\">Quantit\u00e9 ajout\u00e9e (m\u00eame unit\u00e9)<\/label><input id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-added\" name=\"added\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-added-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-added-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"added\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\" data-a6t-when=\"mode=z\" hidden><label for=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-x\">R\u00e9sultat<\/label><input id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-x\" name=\"x\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-x-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-x-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"x\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\" data-a6t-when=\"mode=z\" hidden><label for=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-mean\">Moyenne de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/label><input id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-mean\" name=\"mean\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-mean-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-mean-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"mean\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\" data-a6t-when=\"mode=z\" hidden><label for=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-sd\">\u00c9cart-type de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/label><input id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-sd\" name=\"sd\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-sd-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-biais-recuperation-sd-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"sd\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">Calculer<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"reset\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\">R\u00e9initialiser<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"a6t-linkbtn\" data-a6t-example>Essayer l\u2019exemple<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/fieldset>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"error a6t-formerror\" data-a6t-err-for=\"_\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"calc-result a6t-result\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" tabindex=\"-1\" hidden>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-main\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-lines\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-chart\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-table\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-formula\"><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-notes\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hint\">R\u00e9sultat indicatif, \u00e0 interpr\u00e9ter par un professionnel de sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-result-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\" data-a6t-copy>Copier le r\u00e9sultat<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"a6t-copied\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<noscript><p class=\"notice\">Ce calculateur fonctionne dans votre navigateur et n\u00e9cessite JavaScript. La formule et un exemple sont d\u00e9taill\u00e9s ci-dessous.<\/p><\/noscript>\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"a6t-example-data\">{\"mode\":\"biais\",\"measured\":\"5,2\",\"target\":\"5\"}<\/script>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"a6t-doc\">\n\t\t\t<h3>Formule<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-formula-box\"><p>Biais = mesur\u00e9 \u2212 cible ; biais relatif (%) = (mesur\u00e9 \u2212 cible) \/ cible \u00d7 100<\/p><p>R\u00e9cup\u00e9ration (%) = (surcharg\u00e9 \u2212 base) \/ ajout\u00e9 \u00d7 100 ; z = (r\u00e9sultat \u2212 moyenne) \/ \u00e9cart-type.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Unit\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>M\u00eame unit\u00e9 pour toutes les valeurs d\u2019un calcul.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Exemple<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>Moyenne mesur\u00e9e 5,2 pour une cible de 5,0 : biais de 0,2, soit 4,0 %.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Limites<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>Le biais s\u2019estime sur la moyenne de mesures r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es d\u2019un mat\u00e9riau de valeur assign\u00e9e.<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>L\u2019acceptabilit\u00e9 se juge par rapport \u00e0 une sp\u00e9cification d\u00e9finie \u00e0 l\u2019avance (erreur totale admissible, variabilit\u00e9 biologique).<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"a6t-refs\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/div898\/handbook\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NIST\/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods \u2014 statistiques descriptives et intervalles de confiance.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-verified\">Formule v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e par rapport aux r\u00e9f\u00e9rences ci-dessus le 12 octobre 2026.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\t<section class=\"a6t-tool\" id=\"levey-jennings\" data-a6t-panel aria-labelledby=\"a6t-levey-jennings-title\">\n\t\t<h2 id=\"a6t-levey-jennings-title\" class=\"a6t-title\">Graphique de Levey-Jennings et r\u00e8gles de Westgard<\/h2>\n\t\t<p class=\"a6t-lead\">Graphique de contr\u00f4le d\u2019une s\u00e9rie de r\u00e9sultats de contr\u00f4le interne et d\u00e9tection des r\u00e8gles 1-2s, 1-3s, 2-2s, R-4s, 4-1s et 10x.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<form class=\"calc a6t-form\" data-a6t-tool=\"levey-jennings\" novalidate autocomplete=\"off\" aria-label=\"Calculateur : Levey-Jennings et Westgard\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<fieldset class=\"a6t-fieldset\" disabled>\n\t\t\t\t<legend class=\"screen-reader-text\">Donn\u00e9es \u00e0 saisir<\/legend>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-levey-jennings-mean\">Moyenne cible du contr\u00f4le<\/label><input id=\"a6t-levey-jennings-mean\" name=\"mean\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-levey-jennings-mean-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-levey-jennings-mean-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"mean\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-levey-jennings-sd\">\u00c9cart-type cible<\/label><input id=\"a6t-levey-jennings-sd\" name=\"sd\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-levey-jennings-sd-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-levey-jennings-sd-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"sd\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-levey-jennings-values\">R\u00e9sultats du contr\u00f4le (ordre chronologique)<\/label><textarea id=\"a6t-levey-jennings-values\" name=\"values\" rows=\"4\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocomplete=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-levey-jennings-values-hint a6t-levey-jennings-values-err\"><\/textarea><span class=\"hint\" id=\"a6t-levey-jennings-values-hint\">Une valeur par ligne, ou s\u00e9par\u00e9es par des espaces ou des points-virgules. La virgule sert aux d\u00e9cimales.<\/span><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-levey-jennings-values-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"values\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">Calculer<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"reset\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\">R\u00e9initialiser<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"a6t-linkbtn\" data-a6t-example>Essayer l\u2019exemple<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/fieldset>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"error a6t-formerror\" data-a6t-err-for=\"_\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"calc-result a6t-result\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" tabindex=\"-1\" hidden>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-main\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-lines\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-chart\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-table\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-formula\"><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-notes\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hint\">R\u00e9sultat indicatif, \u00e0 interpr\u00e9ter par un professionnel de sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-result-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\" data-a6t-copy>Copier le r\u00e9sultat<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"a6t-copied\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<noscript><p class=\"notice\">Ce calculateur fonctionne dans votre navigateur et n\u00e9cessite JavaScript. La formule et un exemple sont d\u00e9taill\u00e9s ci-dessous.<\/p><\/noscript>\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"a6t-example-data\">{\"mean\":\"5\",\"sd\":\"0,1\",\"values\":\"5,00 5,10 4,95 5,22 5,25 5,00 4,68\"}<\/script>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"a6t-doc\">\n\t\t\t<h3>Formule<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-formula-box\"><p>z = (r\u00e9sultat \u2212 moyenne) \/ \u00e9cart-type.<\/p><p>1-2s : |z| &gt; 2 (alerte) ; 1-3s : |z| &gt; 3 ; 2-2s : deux r\u00e9sultats cons\u00e9cutifs au-del\u00e0 de 2 s du m\u00eame c\u00f4t\u00e9 ; R-4s : deux r\u00e9sultats cons\u00e9cutifs de part et d\u2019autre au-del\u00e0 de 2 s ; 4-1s : quatre cons\u00e9cutifs au-del\u00e0 de 1 s du m\u00eame c\u00f4t\u00e9 ; 10x : dix cons\u00e9cutifs du m\u00eame c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la moyenne.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Unit\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>Unit\u00e9 du contr\u00f4le ; z sans unit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Exemple<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>Moyenne 5,0 et \u00e9cart-type 0,1 : le 5e r\u00e9sultat d\u00e9clenche la r\u00e8gle 2-2s et le 7e la r\u00e8gle 1-3s, soit 2 points de rejet.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Limites<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>Usage p\u00e9dagogique. Les r\u00e8gles sont appliqu\u00e9es \u00e0 une seule s\u00e9rie de contr\u00f4le, dans l\u2019ordre chronologique ; en pratique, elles s\u2019appliquent aussi entre niveaux de contr\u00f4le d\u2019une m\u00eame s\u00e9rie.<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>L\u2019outil ne valide ni ne bloque des r\u00e9sultats de patients : cette d\u00e9cision rel\u00e8ve du biologiste et du plan de contr\u00f4le du laboratoire.<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>Moyenne et \u00e9cart-type cibles doivent \u00eatre \u00e9tablis par le laboratoire (et non repris du fournisseur sans v\u00e9rification).<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"a6t-refs\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/7471403\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Westgard JO, Barry PL, Hunt MR, Groth T. A multi-rule Shewhart chart for quality control in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem. 1981;27(3):493-501.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLevey S, Jennings ER. The use of control charts in the clinical laboratory. Am J Clin Pathol. 1950;20(11):1059-1066.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-verified\">Formule v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e par rapport aux r\u00e9f\u00e9rences ci-dessus le 12 octobre 2026.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\t<section class=\"a6t-tool\" id=\"table-2x2\" data-a6t-panel aria-labelledby=\"a6t-table-2x2-title\">\n\t\t<h2 id=\"a6t-table-2x2-title\" class=\"a6t-title\">Performances d\u2019un test : sensibilit\u00e9, sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9, VPP, VPN<\/h2>\n\t\t<p class=\"a6t-lead\">Sensibilit\u00e9, sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9, valeurs pr\u00e9dictives, rapports de vraisemblance et intervalles de confiance \u00e0 partir d\u2019un tableau 2 \u00d7 2.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<form class=\"calc a6t-form\" data-a6t-tool=\"table-2x2\" novalidate autocomplete=\"off\" aria-label=\"Calculateur : Tableau 2 \u00d7 2 (Se, Sp, VPP, VPN)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<fieldset class=\"a6t-fieldset\" disabled>\n\t\t\t\t<legend class=\"screen-reader-text\">Donn\u00e9es \u00e0 saisir<\/legend>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-table-2x2-tp\">Vrais positifs (VP)<\/label><input id=\"a6t-table-2x2-tp\" name=\"tp\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"numeric\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-table-2x2-tp-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-table-2x2-tp-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"tp\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-table-2x2-fp\">Faux positifs (FP)<\/label><input id=\"a6t-table-2x2-fp\" name=\"fp\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"numeric\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-table-2x2-fp-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-table-2x2-fp-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"fp\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-table-2x2-fn\">Faux n\u00e9gatifs (FN)<\/label><input id=\"a6t-table-2x2-fn\" name=\"fn\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"numeric\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-table-2x2-fn-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-table-2x2-fn-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"fn\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-table-2x2-tn\">Vrais n\u00e9gatifs (VN)<\/label><input id=\"a6t-table-2x2-tn\" name=\"tn\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"numeric\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-table-2x2-tn-err\" aria-required=\"true\"><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-table-2x2-tn-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"tn\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-table-2x2-prev\">Pr\u00e9valence d\u2019une autre population (%) \u2014 facultatif<\/label><input id=\"a6t-table-2x2-prev\" name=\"prev\" type=\"text\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" value=\"\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-table-2x2-prev-hint a6t-table-2x2-prev-err\"><span class=\"hint\" id=\"a6t-table-2x2-prev-hint\">Pour recalculer VPP et VPN \u00e0 cette pr\u00e9valence.<\/span><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-table-2x2-prev-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"prev\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">Calculer<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"reset\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\">R\u00e9initialiser<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"a6t-linkbtn\" data-a6t-example>Essayer l\u2019exemple<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/fieldset>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"error a6t-formerror\" data-a6t-err-for=\"_\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"calc-result a6t-result\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" tabindex=\"-1\" hidden>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-main\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-lines\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-chart\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-table\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-formula\"><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-notes\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hint\">R\u00e9sultat indicatif, \u00e0 interpr\u00e9ter par un professionnel de sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-result-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\" data-a6t-copy>Copier le r\u00e9sultat<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"a6t-copied\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<noscript><p class=\"notice\">Ce calculateur fonctionne dans votre navigateur et n\u00e9cessite JavaScript. La formule et un exemple sont d\u00e9taill\u00e9s ci-dessous.<\/p><\/noscript>\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"a6t-example-data\">{\"tp\":\"90\",\"fp\":\"20\",\"fn\":\"10\",\"tn\":\"180\"}<\/script>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"a6t-doc\">\n\t\t\t<h3>Formule<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-formula-box\"><p>Se = VP \/ (VP + FN) ; Sp = VN \/ (VN + FP) ; VPP = VP \/ (VP + FP) ; VPN = VN \/ (VN + FN)<\/p><p>RV+ = Se \/ (1 \u2212 Sp) ; RV\u2212 = (1 \u2212 Se) \/ Sp. IC 95 % par la m\u00e9thode du score de Wilson.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Unit\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>Effectifs entiers ; r\u00e9sultats en %.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Exemple<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>VP 90, FP 20, FN 10, VN 180 : sensibilit\u00e9 90,0 % (IC 95 % 82,6\u201394,5), sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 90,0 %, VPP 81,8 %, VPN 94,7 %, RV+ 9,00.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Limites<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>VPP et VPN d\u00e9pendent de la pr\u00e9valence : ceux de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon ne valent que pour une population de m\u00eame pr\u00e9valence.<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>Les performances d\u00e9pendent du choix de la m\u00e9thode de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et de la population \u00e9tudi\u00e9e (biais de spectre).<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"a6t-refs\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWilson EB. Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. J Am Stat Assoc. 1927;22(158):209-212.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.itl.nist.gov\/div898\/handbook\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NIST\/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods \u2014 statistiques descriptives et intervalles de confiance.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-verified\">Formule v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e par rapport aux r\u00e9f\u00e9rences ci-dessus le 12 octobre 2026.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\t<section class=\"a6t-tool\" id=\"bland-altman\" data-a6t-panel aria-labelledby=\"a6t-bland-altman-title\">\n\t\t<h2 id=\"a6t-bland-altman-title\" class=\"a6t-title\">Comparaison de deux m\u00e9thodes (Bland-Altman)<\/h2>\n\t\t<p class=\"a6t-lead\">Biais moyen et limites d\u2019agr\u00e9ment entre deux m\u00e9thodes mesurant les m\u00eames \u00e9chantillons.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<form class=\"calc a6t-form\" data-a6t-tool=\"bland-altman\" novalidate autocomplete=\"off\" aria-label=\"Calculateur : Comparaison de m\u00e9thodes\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<fieldset class=\"a6t-fieldset\" disabled>\n\t\t\t\t<legend class=\"screen-reader-text\">Donn\u00e9es \u00e0 saisir<\/legend>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-bland-altman-a\">M\u00e9thode A (valeurs dans l\u2019ordre des \u00e9chantillons)<\/label><textarea id=\"a6t-bland-altman-a\" name=\"a\" rows=\"4\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocomplete=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-bland-altman-a-hint a6t-bland-altman-a-err\"><\/textarea><span class=\"hint\" id=\"a6t-bland-altman-a-hint\">Une valeur par ligne, ou s\u00e9par\u00e9es par des espaces ou des points-virgules. La virgule sert aux d\u00e9cimales.<\/span><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-bland-altman-a-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"a\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"field a6t-field\"><label for=\"a6t-bland-altman-b\">M\u00e9thode B (m\u00eames \u00e9chantillons, m\u00eame ordre)<\/label><textarea id=\"a6t-bland-altman-b\" name=\"b\" rows=\"4\" spellcheck=\"false\" autocomplete=\"off\" aria-describedby=\"a6t-bland-altman-b-err\"><\/textarea><span class=\"error\" id=\"a6t-bland-altman-b-err\" data-a6t-err-for=\"b\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-primary\">Calculer<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"reset\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\">R\u00e9initialiser<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"a6t-linkbtn\" data-a6t-example>Essayer l\u2019exemple<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/fieldset>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"error a6t-formerror\" data-a6t-err-for=\"_\" role=\"alert\"><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"calc-result a6t-result\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" tabindex=\"-1\" hidden>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-main\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-lines\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-chart\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-table\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-formula\"><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"a6t-notes\"><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"hint\">R\u00e9sultat indicatif, \u00e0 interpr\u00e9ter par un professionnel de sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-result-actions\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"btn btn-ghost\" data-a6t-copy>Copier le r\u00e9sultat<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"a6t-copied\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<noscript><p class=\"notice\">Ce calculateur fonctionne dans votre navigateur et n\u00e9cessite JavaScript. La formule et un exemple sont d\u00e9taill\u00e9s ci-dessous.<\/p><\/noscript>\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/json\" class=\"a6t-example-data\">{\"a\":\"10 12 14 16 18\",\"b\":\"10,5 11,8 14,6 16,2 18,4\"}<\/script>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"a6t-doc\">\n\t\t\t<h3>Formule<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"a6t-formula-box\"><p>d = A \u2212 B pour chaque \u00e9chantillon ; biais = moyenne des d ; limites d\u2019agr\u00e9ment = biais \u00b1 1,96 \u00d7 \u00e9cart-type des d.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Unit\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>M\u00eame unit\u00e9 pour les deux m\u00e9thodes.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Exemple<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<p>Cinq \u00e9chantillons : biais moyen (A \u2212 B) de -0,30 ; limites d\u2019agr\u00e9ment de -0,92 \u00e0 0,32.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>Limites<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>Le caract\u00e8re acceptable des limites se juge par rapport \u00e0 un crit\u00e8re d\u00e9fini \u00e0 l\u2019avance.<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>Si l\u2019\u00e9cart varie avec la concentration, analyser les diff\u00e9rences relatives (%) ; une \u00e9tude de comparaison utilise g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement au moins 40 \u00e9chantillons couvrant l\u2019intervalle de mesure.<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t<h3>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<ol class=\"a6t-refs\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www-users.york.ac.uk\/~mb55\/meas\/ba.htm\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1(8476):307-310.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ol>\n\t\t\t<p class=\"a6t-verified\">Formule v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e par rapport aux r\u00e9f\u00e9rences ci-dessus le 12 octobre 2026.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\t<aside class=\"box box-warning a6t-disclaimer\" role=\"note\"><strong>Avertissement :<\/strong> ces outils sont p\u00e9dagogiques. Les calculs sont effectu\u00e9s dans votre navigateur ; aucune valeur n\u2019est enregistr\u00e9e ni transmise. Ils ne posent pas de diagnostic et ne remplacent pas l\u2019avis d\u2019un m\u00e9decin, d\u2019un biologiste ou d\u2019un pharmacien.<\/aside><nav class=\"a6t-related\" aria-labelledby=\"a6t-rel-qualite\"><h2 id=\"a6t-rel-qualite\">Outils associ\u00e9s<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/avo6.com\/?page_id=873\">Immunologie et s\u00e9rologie : conversions, titres et variations<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/avo6.com\/?page_id=859\">Calculs d\u2019h\u00e9matologie : formule, indices et r\u00e9ticulocytes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/avo6.com\/?page_id=857\">Tous les outils de biologie m\u00e9dicale<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Outils p\u00e9dagogiques de statistique et de contr\u00f4le de qualit\u00e9 au laboratoire. Ils ne prennent aucune d\u00e9cision de validation : celle-ci rel\u00e8ve du biologiste et\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-867","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Outils p\u00e9dagogiques de statistique et de contr\u00f4le de qualit\u00e9 au laboratoire. 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